The former player: 'I really hoped to continue playing'
Important note: This piece contains details of racially offensive language and conduct
Ex-England centre Luther Burrell says that going public to reveal racial discrimination in rugby union brought his professional journey to an early conclusion.
In a June 2022, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the sport, showing digital communications and remembering training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
Then 34 and without a team, Burrell's only professional rugby since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I've have absolutely had to end my career because of what went on," he explained to media outlets.
"I hoped to continue playing, naturally I did. I sought that, and it fell through when news emerged that there were inquiries going on.
"This situation was difficult - I had to just accept the outcome and understand that this entire situation is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization report in April 2023 found Burrell's allegations were accurate "likely correct", but stated it could not collect sufficient evidence to categorically say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell played in all of England's Six Nations games in 2014-15, but was surprisingly excluded for their squad for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell revealed to journalists he also encountered discrimination within the England team environment, during a Test career that saw him win 15 appearances after his debut in 2014.
"I have had multiple traumatic experiences within England camp," he said.
"Certain instances of discrimination and some just outdated thinking that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become accepted in dressing rooms, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been dressed up as humour and that's been the problem that I've myself experienced and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a extended period you just begin to believe that it's the norm and that is acceptable and that it's not malicious, but that's nonsense."
Burrell says he was eventually spurred to speak out after a fellow player at Newcastle called him as a "slave" and instructed him to put sunscreen on his arms and legs "where your shackles were."
The governing body said Burrell's disclosures had led to "increased scrutiny at the culture within the professional level and to the introduction of an action plan for the elite level."
"The organization has placed considerable focus on inclusion and diversity in the sport and a substantial amount of work undertaken both before and after Luther Burrell spoke publicly and shared his encounters of racism and classism," it added.
"The organization are continuing work with teams and stakeholders in the professional game to work for a culture of acceptance but recognize this takes time and is an ongoing process."
All Premiership and women's rugby club now has face-to-face education on creating inclusive environments, with its effectiveness tracked via individual reports and feedback.
All England players, including youth squads, are educated in being "engaged observers" to intervene and defend others from damaging conduct.
"You be so proud of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce said to him as part of the film about his experiences.
"We know it has had this effect on you and ended your playing days, but in our view, you have done so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's father Geoff passed away soon after the production of the film, and his sister died earlier this year.
Burrell, who grew up on a council estate in Huddersfield, maintains his work to make the game more open.
His 12 Foundation works to connect with young people in disadvantaged communities and support them thrive on and off the field with complimentary sports training, mentoring and nutrition education.
"My motivations are pure, I want to see the progress of the game and if nobody else is willing to tell their experience then I'll persist to fight that cause because I'm not just pursuing this for myself," he said.
"Everyone involved have an responsibility to make the game as great as it can be and the longer I speak about it hopefully the more comfortable others will feel about discussing their own experiences as well.
"I need to grab the challenge by the horns and keep carrying this banner and keep supporting this weight and do what I can to develop opportunities and make the game more attractive and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of underprivileged young people and a lot of poverty and I honestly think that rugby has the potential to change their futures, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a comeback to previous team Northampton in late 2022